Cost Analysis17 min read

Virtual Assistant Pay Rates: A 2026 Benchmark

A neutral, source-based benchmark of virtual assistant pay in 2026 — by skill tier, specialization, region (Philippines, India, Latin America), and engagement model, with cited US and offshore ranges and a method to set a fair rate.

Published June 2026 · RSW Editorial

Why There Is No Single "Virtual Assistant Rate"

Ask what a virtual assistant costs and you will get answers ranging from three dollars an hour to seventy-five. Both are real, and neither is wrong — because "virtual assistant" is not one job. It is a spectrum that runs from entry-level general administrative support to senior, specialized professionals who run an executive’s entire operation or own a finance, marketing, or customer-support function. Pay tracks that spectrum, and it is shaped just as much by where the assistant lives, how they are engaged, and how many hours they work as by the work itself.

This benchmark is a neutral, source-based guide to how virtual assistant pay is actually set in 2026. It is written as a methodology rather than a price list: the goal is to help you understand the variables that move VA pay, anchor each range in cited public data, and arrive at a fair number for your own role. Where figures genuinely vary or cannot be sourced cleanly, we say so instead of inventing precision.

For live, role-by-country figures drawn from cited market data, this site also runs a Salary Benchmark Explorer; to model the fully-loaded cost of a hire rather than the headline rate, use the Remote Hiring Cost Calculator. For the role itself, see the virtual assistant hiring guide.

What "Virtual Assistant" Actually Covers

A virtual assistant is a remote professional who handles tasks for a business or individual from another location. The label spans a wide range of skill, and pay maps directly onto where a given role sits on that range. It helps to think in three broad tiers.

  • General / administrative VAs handle email and calendar management, data entry, scheduling, travel booking, file organization, and routine research. This is the entry tier and the most price-competitive.
  • Specialized VAs own a function: bookkeeping and invoicing, social-media and content management, e-commerce store operations, customer support, lead generation, or CRM administration. Specialization commands a premium because it replaces a more expensive specialist hire.
  • Executive / senior VAs act as a true force multiplier for a leader — proactive calendar strategy, inbox gatekeeping, stakeholder communication, project management, and judgment exercised on the executive’s behalf. This tier overlaps with the executive-assistant role and pays accordingly.

The line between a senior VA and an executive assistant is blurry and largely about seniority, dedication, and the level of judgment expected. The higher the autonomy and the more confidential the work, the higher the pay.

What a Virtual Assistant Does Day to Day

Pay only makes sense in the context of the work, and the work varies enormously. A general administrative VA spends the day inside an inbox and a calendar — triaging email, scheduling and rescheduling meetings across time zones, booking travel, entering data, organizing files, and handling the small recurring tasks that otherwise nibble away at a busy professional’s week. The value is leverage: every hour of low-complexity work the VA absorbs is an hour the client redirects to higher-value activity.

A specialized VA goes deeper into one domain. A bookkeeping VA reconciles accounts, chases invoices, and keeps the books current in QuickBooks or Xero. A marketing VA schedules content, manages a community inbox, builds email campaigns, and assembles performance reports. An e-commerce VA lists products, processes orders, and coordinates suppliers. A customer-support VA works tickets and chats — and, at the higher end, takes calls. In each case the VA is effectively a more affordable substitute for a dedicated specialist, which is why specialized work commands a premium over general admin.

A senior or executive VA operates with judgment. Rather than waiting for tasks, they anticipate them: protecting the executive’s focus time, deciding what reaches them and what does not, drafting communications in the executive’s voice, and keeping projects moving without being asked. This tier is paid for reliability and discretion as much as for throughput, and it is where VA pay shades into executive-assistant and operations-coordinator territory.

Scope is the variable most likely to drift, and drift changes what fair pay is. A role that starts as calendar-and-inbox support often grows into project coordination, vendor management, and light operations as trust builds. That evolution is healthy, but it should be matched with pay: a VA who has quietly taken on specialist or supervisory work at a general-admin rate is both underpaid and a flight risk. Revisit the rate when the scope expands, not only at the annual review.

The Factors That Set Virtual Assistant Pay

Six variables explain almost all the variation in VA pay. Understanding them is what lets you read any quoted rate and judge whether it is fair for the work you actually need.

  1. Skill and specialization — a general admin VA and a bookkeeping or paid-ads VA are different labor markets. Specialized skills, software certifications, and domain knowledge move pay up sharply.
  2. Experience and judgment — years in the role, the ability to work unsupervised, and a track record with international clients all command a premium over an entry-level hire who needs close direction.
  3. Location — the single biggest driver of headline rate. The same task is priced very differently in the United States, the Philippines, India, or Latin America because local wage levels and cost of living differ.
  4. Engagement model — an independent freelancer billing hourly, a full-time dedicated hire on a monthly salary, and an agency-managed VA all price differently, because each bundles overhead, management, and margin differently (more below).
  5. Hours and commitment — part-time and ad-hoc work usually carries a higher hourly rate than full-time dedicated work, where the effective hourly cost drops in exchange for guaranteed volume.
  6. English fluency and time-zone overlap — strong written and spoken English and the willingness to work in the client’s time zone both raise pay, especially for client-facing and executive roles.

These factors compound rather than simply add. A senior, specialized VA who is fluent in English and works your time zone sits at the intersection of every upward driver, which is why such a hire can cost several times an entry-level generalist in the same country — and still be a fraction of the onshore equivalent. A general-admin VA working asynchronously from a lower-cost market sits at the opposite intersection. Most real roles fall between these poles, and pricing one well means being honest about which of the six factors your role actually triggers rather than reaching for a single market average.

United States Virtual Assistant Pay

There is no government wage series for "virtual assistant" specifically, so the closest official anchor is the Bureau of Labor Statistics category for secretaries and administrative assistants, which had a median annual wage of $47,460 in May 2024 (BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook). That is the salaried, in-house reference point a US business is implicitly comparing against when it considers a virtual assistant.

For freelance and contract US-based virtual assistants, market rates are higher per hour because the freelancer absorbs their own taxes, benefits, downtime, and overhead. Surveys and marketplace data put US freelance VA rates broadly in the range of roughly $18–$35 per hour on platforms like Upwork, with experienced and specialized US-based VAs commonly charging $30–$75 per hour; one worldwide VA survey put the average around $31 per hour (Upwork; Project Untethered VA survey). The wide band reflects exactly the factors above — a generalist sits near the bottom, a seasoned specialist near the top.

US-based VAs remain the right answer for a minority of roles — those needing deep US cultural context, sensitive client-facing communication where accent and idiom matter, on-the-ground errands, or same-state presence for legal or logistical reasons. For those, the higher US rate buys something the offshore option cannot. For the large majority of digital, repeatable support work, however, offshore markets deliver comparable output at a fraction of the cost, which is why the offshore VA model has become the default for cost-conscious founders and small businesses.

It is worth knowing how US agencies price VA services, since that is the onshore managed option and it sets the ceiling for the market. US-based VA agencies typically bill well above freelance rates — often in the $40–$75 per hour range or as packaged monthly retainers — because the rate bundles vetting, management, and replacement cover on top of a US wage. That premium end is what offshore managed providers compete against, and the gap between it and an offshore blended rate is a large part of why the offshore managed model has grown so quickly.

Offshore Virtual Assistant Pay by Region

The reason offshore VAs are the default for cost-conscious buyers is that local wage levels in the major VA markets are a fraction of US levels, while the work — being digital — transfers cleanly. The figures below are public market ranges; the exact number for a given hire depends on the factors above.

A caution on interpreting these ranges: published rates blend freelancers, agency placements, and direct hires, and they move with experience and specialization within each country. Treat the numbers as orientation, confirm against a current benchmark for the specific role, and remember that the lowest figure in any range usually corresponds to entry-level general admin, not the experienced specialist most buyers actually want.

Philippines — the largest English-language VA market

The Philippines is the deepest market for English-speaking virtual assistants. Public data puts hourly rates broadly at about $3–$10 per hour and full-time monthly pay for VAs working with international clients at roughly $800–$2,400, depending on role and experience (OnlineJobs.ph VA salary guide; PayScale; Glassdoor). A common breakdown is entry-level general admin around $3–$6 per hour, mid-level with one to three years of experience around $6–$10, and experienced specialists (bookkeeping, SEO, project management) around $10–$17.

Detail on hiring there, with cited salary data, is in the Philippines hiring guide.

What makes the Philippines distinctive is not just price but fit for English-language support: a large, service-oriented workforce, strong written English, high familiarity with US business norms, and a deep pool of VAs who have spent years working with international clients. That depth is why monthly pay ranges so widely within the country — an experienced executive or specialist VA with a track record of Western clients sits near the top of the band, while an entry-level generalist sits near the bottom of it.

India — strong for research, technical, and finance-leaning VAs

India offers a large, English-capable talent pool, with VA pay broadly comparable to or slightly below the Philippines for general admin and competitive for research-, finance-, and technically-oriented support. See the India hiring guide for cited ranges. India is often the strongest fit when the VA role blends with data, reporting, or technical coordination.

Latin America — the nearshore, real-time-overlap option

For US businesses that want a VA working in or near their own time zone, Latin American markets such as Colombia and Mexico are the leading nearshore option, typically at a moderate premium over Asian rates in exchange for full US-hours overlap and, often, Spanish–English bilingual capability. See the Colombia and Mexico guides for cited detail.

The nearshore premium is usually worth paying only when the role genuinely needs real-time collaboration — a VA who joins live meetings, handles same-day client communication, or supports a US executive through the working day. For asynchronous work that can be done overnight and reviewed in the morning, the deeper and lower-cost Asian markets are typically the better value. Matching the time-zone requirement to the actual work, rather than defaulting to overlap, is one of the simplest ways to control VA cost.

Other markets worth knowing

Beyond the big three, parts of Africa (notably English-speaking markets like Kenya and South Africa) and Eastern Europe supply capable virtual assistants, the former increasingly competitive for English-language support and the latter stronger for technically oriented or EU-time-zone work. These markets are smaller for general VA work than the Philippines but can be a good fit for specific language, time-zone, or skill needs. The same six factors — skill, experience, location, engagement model, hours, and English — set pay everywhere; only the local baseline shifts.

Virtual Assistant Pay by Experience Level

Within a given market and specialization, experience is the next-largest lever on pay. Using the Philippines — the deepest English-language market — as the reference, public data shows a fairly consistent ladder that other markets broadly echo.

  • Entry-level (0–1 years): general administrative work under close direction. Public ranges put this around $3–$6 per hour, or roughly $800–$950 a month full-time, in the Philippines (OnlineJobs.ph).
  • Mid-level (1–3 years): works with less supervision, often with one or two specializations and experience serving international clients. Commonly around $6–$10 per hour, or roughly $1,000–$1,800 a month full-time.
  • Experienced specialist (3+ years): owns a function — bookkeeping, paid media, e-commerce ops, SEO, project management — with little oversight. Commonly around $10–$17 per hour, into the upper end of the monthly band, with senior executive VAs higher still.

These tiers are a starting grid, not a guarantee. A standout mid-level VA with a strong portfolio can command specialist rates, and titles are applied loosely across the market, so two people called "VA" can sit a tier apart. The value of the ladder is that it stops you anchoring on a single number and reminds you that you are buying a level of judgment and autonomy, not just a block of hours.

Pay by Specialization

Within any market, specialization is the strongest lever on pay after location. Two VAs in the same city can earn very different rates depending on what they do.

  • General administrative VA — calendar, email, data entry, scheduling, travel. The entry tier and the most price-competitive in every market.
  • Executive VA — dedicated support to a leader, with proactive calendar and inbox ownership, stakeholder communication, and project tracking. A premium tier that overlaps with the executive-assistant role.
  • Bookkeeping / finance VA — invoicing, expense and receipt management, reconciliations, and light bookkeeping in tools like QuickBooks or Xero. Pays a premium because it offsets a more expensive finance hire.
  • Marketing / social-media VA — content scheduling, community management, basic design, email marketing, and reporting. Mid-to-upper tier depending on the platforms and tools involved.
  • E-commerce VA — product listings, order processing, supplier coordination, and store operations on Shopify or marketplaces. Premium grows with platform and analytics depth.
  • Customer-support VA — inbound and outbound support across chat, email, and voice. Pay rises with voice work, technical-support depth, and time-zone coverage requirements.
  • Technical / operations VA — CRM administration, automation, light data work, and tool integration. The top of the VA pay range, shading into operations and analyst roles.

The specialization premium is real and worth quantifying. Within a single market, a bookkeeping or paid-media VA commonly commands a meaningful premium over a general-admin VA, because the skill replaces a more expensive dedicated hire and the supply of genuinely capable specialists is thinner. Software certifications (QuickBooks, Xero, HubSpot, Google Ads, Shopify) and a demonstrable portfolio are the clearest signals that justify paying up — they de-risk the hire and predict productivity far better than a generic "VA" title.

When you write the role, name the specialization explicitly and price to it. Posting a general-admin rate for specialized work attracts the wrong applicants and produces early churn; posting a specialist rate for general admin simply overpays. The closer your posted rate matches the real scope, the better the candidates you attract and the longer they stay.

How You Engage a VA Changes What You Pay

The same person can cost you different amounts depending on the engagement model, because each bundles overhead, compliance, and management differently. None is universally cheapest — the right model depends on hours, duration, and how much you want to manage.

A simple way to choose is to start from how predictable and how large the workload is. Unpredictable, part-time, or trial-stage needs favor an hourly freelancer; steady, full-time, long-horizon needs favor a dedicated monthly hire; and a need for guaranteed continuity with zero sourcing effort favors an agency. Many companies move along this path over time — beginning with a freelancer to test the value, then converting a proven VA to a dedicated full-time arrangement as the relationship and the workload solidify.

Independent freelancer (hourly)

Hiring a freelancer directly, usually hourly, is the leanest model on paper and the fastest to start. You pay only for hours worked and carry no employer obligations, but you also manage the relationship yourself, absorb the risk of turnover and availability, and — for long-term, full-time, exclusive arrangements — should be mindful of worker-classification rules.

Direct full-time hire (monthly)

Engaging a VA full-time on a monthly salary usually lowers the effective hourly cost in exchange for guaranteed volume and a more committed, context-rich relationship. Depending on the country and how you pay them, this may involve an Employer of Record to handle local employment compliance, which adds a per-head fee.

Agency or managed provider

An agency or managed VA provider charges a blended rate that already includes recruiting, replacement cover, management, and margin. You pay more per hour than hiring direct, but you offload sourcing, vetting, and continuity. This is the highest headline rate and the lowest operational burden.

To compare these models on a true all-in basis rather than headline rate, the Remote Hiring Cost Calculator models fully-loaded cost, and the staff augmentation vs outsourcing comparison walks through when a managed model is worth the premium.

A Worked Cost Comparison

To see how engagement model changes the number, take a single mid-level VA role and price it three ways using the public ranges above. As an hourly freelancer in the Philippines at roughly $8 per hour for, say, 20 hours a week, the role costs on the order of $640 a month — flexible, but with no guaranteed availability and full management on you. As a full-time dedicated hire at a comparable skill level, monthly pay commonly lands in the $1,000–$1,800 band for 160 hours of work, a lower effective hourly cost in exchange for commitment and context, plus any Employer-of-Record fee if you employ them formally.

Through an agency or managed provider, the same full-time VA is typically billed at a blended monthly rate well above the direct-hire salary, because the rate already includes recruiting, vetting, replacement cover, management, and margin. The agency number looks the highest, but it removes sourcing risk and continuity risk. None of the three is "right" in the abstract — the cheapest total cost depends on how many hours you need, how long the engagement runs, and how much management capacity you have. The point of pricing all three is to compare them on all-in cost, not headline rate.

Three forces are moving virtual-assistant pay in 2026, and they pull in different directions depending on the tier of work.

  • Rising demand and gradual rate inflation. The normalization of remote work has expanded the buyer base for virtual assistants well beyond startups, steadily lifting rates for experienced, English-fluent VAs in the major markets even as entry-level general admin stays highly competitive.
  • AI is reshaping the task mix, not eliminating the role. Routine VA tasks — scheduling, transcription, first-draft email, basic research — are increasingly AI-assisted, which raises the bar for what a VA is paid to do. The premium is shifting toward judgment, coordination, and tool-fluency (running the AI tools well) rather than raw task execution, so AI-capable VAs command more while purely manual general-admin work faces more price pressure.
  • A widening specialization premium. As general admin gets more automatable, the gap between a generalist rate and a specialist rate (bookkeeping, paid media, e-commerce ops, technical support) is widening. Buyers increasingly pay up for VAs who own an outcome rather than execute a task list.

The practical implication for anyone setting a rate in 2026 is to price the judgment and specialization you need, not just the hours. A VA who can run a function with light supervision and use modern tools well is worth materially more than the entry-level baseline, and paying for that capability is usually cheaper than managing around its absence.

What an Offshore VA Rate Includes — and What It Doesn’t

A quoted offshore VA rate is usually the worker’s pay, not the fully-loaded cost of the engagement, and the difference matters when you budget. When you hire a freelancer directly, you pay the rate and little else, but you carry management, turnover, and tool costs yourself. When you hire full-time, you may add an Employer-of-Record fee and statutory employer contributions in the worker’s country, plus the software the VA needs and a modest equipment or connectivity stipend. When you use an agency, most of those costs are bundled into the blended rate but so is the agency’s margin.

Because of these differences, the only honest comparison across markets and models is fully-loaded cost. The true cost of hiring remote workers breaks down those layers in detail, and the cost calculator turns a headline rate into an all-in annual number you can put in a budget.

Pay Structure, Raises, and Retention

Headline rate is only part of paying a VA well. In several offshore markets, local norms shape the package: in the Philippines, for instance, a 13th-month pay is a statutory expectation for employees, and many international clients mirror local conventions — performance bonuses, HMO-style health contributions, or paid local holidays — to stay competitive and retain talent. Budgeting for the rate alone, and ignoring these norms, is a common way to lose a good hire to a more thoughtful employer.

The alternative to retention is churn, and churn is the most expensive thing that can happen to a VA relationship. Every departure resets onboarding, drains the institutional knowledge the VA built up about your business, and pulls you back into sourcing and vetting. A modest annual raise that keeps a proven VA is almost always cheaper than recruiting, onboarding, and ramping a replacement — which is why the most cost-effective buyers treat fair, rising pay as a retention strategy rather than a cost to minimize.

Pay structure also signals intent. A rate at or slightly above the local going rate for the specialization, paid reliably and on time, attracts more committed candidates and reduces the quiet productivity tax of someone who is always half-looking for a better-paying client. The goal is not to overpay, but to pay correctly for the tier and then protect a good hire once you have one.

How to Benchmark a Fair VA Rate

You can arrive at a defensible rate for your own role in five steps, anchored in data rather than guesswork.

  1. Define the tier and specialization. Decide whether you need general admin, a specialist, or executive-level support — this sets the band before anything else.
  2. Pick the region. Choose between deep English-language supply (Philippines), research/technical strength (India), or real-time nearshore overlap (Latin America), each with its own pay level.
  3. Anchor in cited data. Use public ranges and the salary benchmark explorer for the role and country rather than a single quoted number.
  4. Adjust for experience, hours, and English. Move within the band for seniority, full-time versus part-time commitment, and the fluency and time-zone overlap the role demands.
  5. Add the engagement-model cost. Layer in any agency margin or Employer-of-Record fee so you are comparing all-in cost, not just the rate.

The result is a fair range you can post with confidence. Pair it with the salary benchmark explorer to anchor the number and the cost calculator to see the all-in figure.

One more discipline helps: benchmark the role, not the person, first. Decide what a fair market rate is for the tier, specialization, and region before you meet candidates, so you negotiate from a defensible anchor rather than reacting to whatever a given applicant happens to ask for. Then adjust upward for a demonstrated track record. This keeps pay consistent across your hires and protects you from both overpaying a confident negotiator and underpaying a strong but modest candidate.

Common Mistakes When Setting VA Pay

  • Optimizing for the lowest hourly rate. The cheapest VA is often the most expensive once you count rework, turnover, and the management time a weak hire consumes. Pay for the tier the work actually needs.
  • Comparing a freelance hourly rate to a salaried wage. Freelance rates must cover taxes, benefits, downtime, and overhead, so they look higher than a salaried equivalent for the same skill.
  • Ignoring specialization. Paying a general-admin rate for bookkeeping, paid-ads, or technical work attracts the wrong candidates and drives early churn.
  • Forgetting the engagement-model cost. An attractive offshore rate plus an unbudgeted agency margin or EOR fee can erase the expected saving — model the all-in figure.
  • Underpaying relative to the local market. A rate that looks generous in dollars can still be below the local going rate for an experienced specialist, which shows up later as attrition.

The thread running through every one of these mistakes is the same: treating a virtual assistant as a commodity priced purely by the hour rather than as a hire whose value depends on fit, specialization, and continuity. The buyers who get the most from VAs price the role honestly, pay at or slightly above the local market for the capability they actually need, and then invest in keeping a good hire — which, as the retention math shows, is the cheapest strategy available.

The Bottom Line

Virtual assistant pay is a range, not a number, and the range is wide for good reasons: skill tier, specialization, location, engagement model, hours, and English fluency each move it. A general admin VA in the Philippines and a senior bilingual executive VA in Latin America are different labor markets that happen to share a job title. The way to set a fair rate is to define the tier and region you actually need, anchor the number in cited market data, adjust for experience and commitment, and add the cost of however you engage them — then sanity-check the result against a benchmark rather than a slogan.

Used well, a virtual assistant is one of the highest-return hires a small business or busy professional can make — but only when the rate matches the work. Define the tier and region you genuinely need, anchor the number in cited market data rather than a single quote, adjust honestly for experience and commitment, and pay to retain the people who prove themselves. Get those few things right and the economics of a remote VA take care of themselves.

RemoteStaffingWiki is an educational resource operated by LegelpTech Outsourcing Pvt Ltd, and is editorially independent. If you need a managed shortlist of remote staff, you can compare Zedtreeo as one provider option.

Frequently Asked Questions

How much does a virtual assistant cost per hour in 2026?
It depends heavily on location and skill. Offshore VAs in the Philippines commonly run about $3–$10 per hour (entry-level general admin $3–$6, mid-level $6–$10, specialists $10–$17), while US-based freelance VAs typically charge about $18–$35 per hour on marketplaces and $30–$75 for experienced or specialized work. There is no single rate because "virtual assistant" spans everything from entry-level admin to senior executive support.
What is the average full-time salary for an offshore virtual assistant?
For a full-time Filipino VA working with international clients, monthly pay commonly falls in the range of roughly $800–$2,400 depending on experience and specialization (OnlineJobs.ph, PayScale, Glassdoor). India is broadly comparable, and Latin America typically carries a moderate premium for real-time US-hours overlap and bilingual capability.
How much does a US-based virtual assistant cost?
US freelance VAs typically charge about $18–$35 per hour on platforms like Upwork, rising to $30–$75 per hour for experienced or specialized work. As a salaried reference point, the BLS median wage for secretaries and administrative assistants was $47,460 in May 2024 — the in-house cost a US business is implicitly comparing against.
Why do virtual assistant rates vary so much?
Six factors drive the spread: skill and specialization, experience and judgment, location, engagement model (freelance hourly vs full-time vs agency), hours and commitment, and English fluency plus time-zone overlap. A general-admin VA and a bookkeeping or executive VA are effectively different labor markets even in the same country.
Which country has the best value for virtual assistants?
The Philippines has the largest English-language VA market and strong value for general and executive admin. India is competitive and often stronger for research-, finance-, and technically-oriented support. Latin America (Colombia, Mexico) is the best nearshore option when you need real-time US-hours overlap or Spanish–English bilingual support, usually at a moderate premium.
Is a cheaper virtual assistant always better value?
No. The lowest hourly rate is frequently the most expensive choice once you account for rework, turnover, and the management time a weak hire consumes. Paying for the tier and specialization the work actually requires — and retaining a good VA — is usually cheaper than repeatedly replacing a cheap one.
Should I pay a virtual assistant hourly or monthly?
Hourly suits variable, part-time, or task-based work and keeps you flexible. A full-time monthly arrangement usually lowers the effective hourly cost in exchange for guaranteed volume and a more committed, context-rich relationship. For long-term full-time work, a monthly model — sometimes via an Employer of Record for compliance — is normally the better value.
How do I set a fair virtual assistant rate?
Define the tier and specialization you need, pick the region, anchor the number in cited market data and a salary benchmark, adjust for experience, hours, and English fluency, then add any agency margin or Employer-of-Record fee so you are comparing all-in cost. The salary benchmark explorer and cost calculator on this site automate the anchoring and the all-in math.
Do offshore virtual assistants get benefits like a 13th-month pay?
It depends on the market and how you engage them. In the Philippines, a 13th-month pay is a statutory expectation for employees, and many international clients also offer performance bonuses or HMO-style health contributions to stay competitive and retain talent. Freelance or contractor arrangements typically do not include these, while full-time employment — often via an Employer of Record — does. Factoring local norms into the package is an important part of retaining a good VA.